# Exercise 6

**Generating points according to Fraunhofer diffraction**

The diffraction of a plane wave thorough a round slit must be simulated by
generating $N =$ 50'000 points according to the intensity distribution
$I(\theta)$ on a screen at a great distance $L$ from the slit iself:

$$
  I(\theta) = \frac{E^2}{2} \left( \frac{2 \pi a^2 \cos{\theta}}{L}
  \frac{J_1(x)}{x} \right)^2 \with x = k a \sin{\theta}
$$

where:

- $E$ is the electric field amplitude, default set $E = \SI{1e4}{V/m}$;
- $a$ is the radius of the slit aperture, default set $a = \SI{0.01}{m}$;
- $\theta$ is the angle specified in @fig:fenditure;
- $J_1$ is the Bessel function of first order;
- $k$ is the wavenumber, default set $k = \SI{1e-4}{m^{-1}}$;
- $L$ default set $L = \SI{1}{m}$.

\begin{figure}
\hypertarget{fig:fenditure}{%
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \definecolor{cyclamen}{RGB}{146, 24, 43}
  % Walls
  \draw [thick] (-1,3)  -- (1,3)  -- (1,0.3)  -- (1.2,0.3)  -- (1.2,3)
                       -- (9,3);
  \draw [thick] (-1,-3) -- (1,-3) -- (1,-0.3) -- (1.2,-0.3) -- (1.2,-3)
                       -- (9,-3);
  \draw [thick] (10,3) -- (9.8,3) -- (9.8,-3) -- (10,-3);
  % Lines
  \draw [thick, gray] (0.7,0.3)  -- (0.5,0.3);
  \draw [thick, gray] (0.7,-0.3) -- (0.5,-0.3);
  \draw [thick, gray] (0.6,0.3)  -- (0.6,-0.3);
  \draw [thick, gray] (1.2,0)    -- (9.8,0);
  \draw [thick, gray] (1.2,-0.1)  -- (1.2,0.1);
  \draw [thick, gray] (9.8,-0.1)  -- (9.8,0.1);
  \draw [thick, cyclamen] (1.2,0)  -- (9.8,-2);
  \draw [thick, cyclamen] (7,0) to [out=-90, in=50] (6.6,-1.23);
  % Nodes
  \node at (0,0) {$2a$};
  \node at (5.5,0.4) {$L$};
  \node [cyclamen] at (5.5,-0.4) {$\theta$};
  \node [rotate=-90] at (10.2,0) {screen};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Fraunhofer diffraction.}\label{fig:fenditure}
}
\end{figure}

Once again, $\theta$, which must be evenly distributed on half sphere, can be
generated only as a function of a variable $x$ uniformely distributed between
0 and 1. Therefore:

\begin{align*}
  \frac{d^2 P}{d\omega^2} = const = \frac{1}{2 \pi}
  &\thus d^2 P = \frac{1}{2 \pi} d\omega^2 =
  \frac{1}{2 \pi} d\phi \sin{\theta} d\theta \\
  &\thus \frac{dP}{d\theta} = \int_0^{2 \pi} d\phi \frac{1}{2 \pi} \sin{\theta}
  = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \sin{\theta} \, 2 \pi = \sin{\theta}
\end{align*}

\begin{align*}
  \theta = \theta (x) &\thus
  \frac{dP}{d\theta} = \frac{dP}{dx} \cdot \left| \frac{dx}{d\theta} \right|
  = \left. \frac{dP}{dx} \middle/ \, \left| \frac{d\theta}{dx} \right| \right. 
  \\
  &\thus \sin{\theta} = \left. 1 \middle/ \, \left|
  \frac{d\theta}{dx} \right| \right. 
\end{align*}

Since $\theta \in [0, \pi/2]$, then the absolute value symbol can be omitted:

\begin{align*}
  \frac{d\theta}{dx} = \frac{1}{\sin{\theta}}
  &\thus d\theta \sin(\theta) = dx
  \\
  &\thus - \cos (\theta') |_{0}^{\theta} = x(\theta) - x(0) = x - 0 = x
  \\
  &\thus - \cos(\theta) + 1 =x
  \\
  &\thus \theta = \text{acos} (1 -x)
\end{align*}