diff --git a/notes/sections/4.md b/notes/sections/4.md index 2852479..5c39187 100644 --- a/notes/sections/4.md +++ b/notes/sections/4.md @@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ $|P_v|$ of the particles with a given $P_h$? \node at (8.5,0.9) {$y$}; \node at (5,8.4) {$z$}; % Momentum - \definecolor{cyclamen}{RGB}{146, 24, 43} \draw [ultra thick, ->, cyclamen] (5,2) -- (3.8,6); \draw [thick, dashed, cyclamen] (3.8,0.8) -- (3.8,6); \draw [thick, dashed, cyclamen] (5,7.2) -- (3.8,6); @@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ $$ {\int_{\{ P_v \}} d P_v f_{P_h , P_v} (x, P_v)} = \frac{f_{P_h , P_v} (x, P_v)}{I} $$ - where $f_{P_h , P_v}$ is the joint PDF of the two variables $P_v$ and $P_h$ and the integral $I$ runs over all the possible values of $P_v$ given a certain $P_h$. @@ -62,12 +60,10 @@ same considerations done in @sec:3 lead to: $$ f_{\theta} (\theta) = \frac{1}{2} \sin{\theta} \chi_{[0, \pi]} (\theta) $$ - whereas, being $P$ uniform: $$ f_P (P) = \chi_{[0, P_{\text{max}}]} (P) $$ - where $\chi_{[a, b]} (y)$ is the normalized characteristic function which value is $1/N$ between $a$ and $b$ (where $N$ is the normalization term) and 0 elsewhere. Since $P,\theta$ are independent variables, their joint PDF is @@ -77,9 +73,8 @@ $$ = \frac{1}{2} \sin{\theta} \chi_{[0, \pi]} (\theta) \chi_{[0, P_{\text{max}}]} (P) $$ -and they are related to the vertical and horizontal components -by a standard polar coordinate transformation: - +and they are related to the vertical and horizontal components by a standard +polar coordinate transformation: \begin{align*} \begin{cases} P_v = P \cos(\theta) \\ @@ -91,12 +86,12 @@ by a standard polar coordinate transformation: \theta = \text{atan2}(P_h, P_v) \end{cases} \end{align*} - where: - $\theta \in [0, \pi]$, - and atan2 is defined by: + $$ \begin{cases} \arctan(P_h/P_v) &\incase P_v > 0 \\ @@ -104,7 +99,6 @@ $$ \arctan(P_h/P_v) + \pi &\incase P_v < 0 \end{cases} $$ - The Jacobian of the inverse transformation is easily found to be: $$ |J^{-1}| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{P_v^2 + P_h^2}} @@ -117,9 +111,8 @@ $$ \frac{\chi_{[0, p_{\text{max}}]} \left(\sqrt{P_v^2 + P_h^2} \right)} {\sqrt{P_v^2 + P_h^2}} $$ - -The integral $I$ can now be computed. Note that the domain -is implicit in the characteristic function: +The integral $I$ can now be computed. Note that the domain is implicit in the +characteristic functions: $$ I(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} dP_v \, f_{P_h , P_v} (x, P_v) = \int \limits_{- \sqrt{P_{\text{max}}^2 - P_h}} @@ -143,7 +136,6 @@ $$ \chi_{[0, p_{\text{max}}]} \left(\sqrt{P_v^2 + P_h^2}\right)}{2 \, \arctan \left( \sqrt{\frac{P_{\text{max}}^2}{x^2} - 1} \right)} $$ - Finally, putting all the pieces together, the average value of $|P_v|$ can be computed: $$ @@ -152,7 +144,6 @@ $$ = \frac{x \ln \left( \frac{P_{\text{max}}}{x} \right)} {\arctan \left( \sqrt{ \frac{P^2_{\text{max}}}{x^2} - 1} \right)} $$ {#eq:dip} - The result is plotted in the figure below: ![Plot of the expected dependence of $\langle |P_v| \rangle$ with @@ -163,30 +154,28 @@ The result is plotted in the figure below: This dependence should be found by running a Monte Carlo simulation and computing a binned average of the vertical momentum. A number of $N = 50000$ -particles were generated as pair of values ($P$, $\theta$), with $P$ -uniformly distributed between 0 and $P_{\text{max}}$ and $\theta$ given by the -same procedure described in @sec:3, namely: +particles was generated as pairs of values ($P$, $\theta$), with $P$ uniformly +distributed between 0 and $P_{\text{max}}$ and $\theta$ given by the same +procedure described in @sec:3, namely: $$ \theta = \arccos(1 - 2x) $$ - where $x$ is uniformly distributed between 0 and 1. The binning turned out to be quite a challenge: once a $P$ is sampled and $P_h$ computed, the bin containing the latter has to be found. If the range $[0, P_{\text{max}}]$ is divided into $n$ equal bins -of the width +of width: $$ w = \frac{P_{\text{max}}}{n} $$ -then (counting from zero) $P_h$ goes into the $i$-th bin where +then (counting from zero) $P_h$ goes into the $i$-th bin, where: $$ i = \left\lfloor \frac{P_h}{w} \right\rfloor $$ - Then, the sum $S_j$ of all the $|P_v|$ values relative to the $P_h$ of the -$j$-th bin itself and number num$_j$ of the bin counts are stored in an array -and iteratively updated. Once every bin has been updated, the average value of -$|P_v|_j$ is computed as $S_j / \text{num}_j$. +$j$-th bin and the number num$_j$ of the bin counts are stored in an array +and iteratively updated. Once every point has been sampled, the average value +of $|P_v|_j$ is computed as $S_j / \text{num}_j$. For the sake of clarity, for each sampled couple the procedure is the following. At first $S_j = 0 \wedge \text{num}_j = 0 \, \forall \, j$, then: @@ -217,14 +206,12 @@ The following results were obtained: The $\chi^2$ and $p$-value show a very good agreement. In order to compare $P^{\text{oss}}_{\text{max}}$ with the expected value -$P_{\text{max}} = 10$, the following compatibility $t$-test was applied: - +$P_{\text{max}} = 10$, the usual compatibility $t$-test was applied: $$ p = 1 - \text{erf}\left(\frac{t}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\ \with t = \frac{|P^{\text{oss}}_{\text{max}} - P_{\text{max}}|} {\Delta P^{\text{oss}}_{\text{max}}} $$ - where $\Delta P^{\text{oss}}_{\text{max}}$ is the $P^{\text{oss}}_{\text{max}}$ uncertainty. At 95% confidence level, the values are compatible if $p > 0.05$. In this case: